ํ‹ฐ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ ๋ทฐ

๋ฐ˜์‘ํ˜•
SIGGRAPH 2024.
BINBIN HUANG, ZEHAO YU, ANPEI CHEN, ANDREAS GEIGER, SHENGHUA GAO
ShanghaiTech University | University of Tübingen Tübingen AI Center | 
9 Jun 2024

 

3D-GS ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ NeRF ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, pointcloud ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ mesh ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ์‹ค์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ์—” ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

์‹ค์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ •๋„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” 2D-GS์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ž.

 

Introduction

3D-GS์˜ Challenges in Surface Reconstruction

  • Thin Surface ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
  • Surface Normal ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. -> high-quality surface ๋ฅผ reconstruction ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
  • Multi-View Consistency ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. -> ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ viewpoint ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ 2D intersection surface ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ
  • Affine Projection ์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.

Perspective-accurate 2D splatting -> ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ตœ์ ํ™” & thin surface ํ‘œํ˜„ ํ™•๋ณด

 

2D Gaussian Splatting

Modeling

Planner disk ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ 2D Gaussian

 

๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€, flatํ•œ 2D Gaussian(surfels)์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ scene ์„ ํ•™์Šต์‹œํ‚ค์ž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

2D Gaussian์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋จผ์ € ๋ณด๋ฉด,

[์ค‘์  pkโ€‹, ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ tangetial ํƒ„์  ์…œ vector (tuโ€‹,tvโ€‹), ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๋ง ๋ฒกํ„ฐ, normal ๋ฒกํ„ฐ] ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค.

2D Gaussian์€  local tangent plane P ์—์„œ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ plane P ๋Š” ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ uv frame ์—์„œ 2D Gaussian ์„ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ standard 2D Gaussian fucntion ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ๋‹ค.

 

Splatting

2D-to-2D Projections in Homogeneous Coordinates

2D GS ์˜ ์ €์ž๋“ค์€ 2D Gaussians projection ์œผ๋กœ homogeneous coordinates ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ 2D-to-2D mapping ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.

World-to-screen transformation matrix W์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ (2D) ์ƒ์˜ point (x,y) ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค.

์ด๋Š” camera space ์—์„œ์˜ point (x,y) ์—์„œ์˜ c2w direction ray ๊ฐ€ 2D splats ๊ณผ depth z์—์„œ ๊ต์ฐจํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ด๋‹ค.

 

Ray-Splat Intersection

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ €์ž๋“ค์€ ray-splat ์˜ ๊ต์ ์„ 3๊ฐœ์˜ non-parallel plane (uv plane, x-homogeneous plane, y-homogeneous plane) ์˜ ๊ต์ ์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค.

image coordinate (x,y) ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ,

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ray x=(x,y) ๋ฅผ ๋‘ homogeneous x-plane hxโ€‹=(−1,0,0,x) ์™€ y-plane hyโ€‹=(−1,0,0,y) ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ต์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, world space ์—์„œ ์ •์˜๋œ homogeneous plane hxโ€‹ ์™€ hyโ€‹ ๋ฅผ uv-space ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ tranform ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์ ์„ ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.

xy homogeneous plane ์„ uv space ์ƒ์˜๋กœ transform ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํ•œ ๋‘ plane huโ€‹hvโ€‹ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋ฉฐ,

screen space (x,y) ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” c2w direction ray ์™€ 2D Gaussian Splats ์˜ ๊ต์ ์€ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Ray x์™€ u,v plane์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ์ ๋„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

 

Degenerate Solutions

์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ตœ์ ํ™”์™€ ์›ํ™œํ•œ ๋ Œ๋”๋ง์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Low-pass filter๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ, lower-bounded Gaussian์„ ์ทจ๋“ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

Rasterization

๋ˆ„์  ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…๋„๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ 1์ด ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • ๊ฐ Gaussian์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด screen bounding box๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • 2D Gaussian๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์„ depth๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
  • ์ดํ›„ bounding box ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ tile ๊ตฌ์„ฑ
  • ์•„๋ž˜ ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ volumetric alpha blending ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค.

 

Training

Depth Distortion

3D-GS ์˜ volume rendering ์€ ๊ต์ฐจํ•˜๋Š” splats ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.

๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ง„ gaussian splats ๋“ค์€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ color์™€ depth๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” surface reconstruction ์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.

Ray-splat intersection ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” loss ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.

W๋Š” Blending weight์ด๋‹ค.

 

Normal Consistency

๋ชจ๋“  2D splats์ด ์‹ค์ œ surface ์™€ ์ •๋ ฌ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” normal-consistency loss ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.

  • ๋ฐ˜ํˆฌ๋ช… ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ Œ๋”๋ง์œผ๋กœ normal ๊ฐ’์ด ์ผ๊ด€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
  • ๋ˆ„์  ๋ถˆํˆฌ๋ช…๋„๊ฐ€ 0.5์ด์ƒ ๋‚˜์™”์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, loss๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด regularization์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค

Final Loss๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.

 

Experience

PSNR ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์€ ์ •์„ฑํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.

 

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